ABSTRACT
Corona virus pandemic outbreak also known as COVID-19 has created an imbalance in this world. Scientists have adopted the use of natural or alternative medicines which are consumed mostly as dietary supplements to boost the immune system as herbal remedies. India is famous for traditional medicinal formulations which includes 'Trikadu'-a combination of three acrids, namely Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum and Piper longum which have antioxidant properties that boost our immune system hence acting as a strong preventive measure. In this study, AutoDock 4.0 was used to study interaction between the phytocompounds of Trikadu with RNA-dependent polymerase protein and enveloped protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Analysis of the results showed that coumarin, coumaperine and bisdemethoxycurcumin showed strong bonding interactions with both the proteins. We can conclude that Trikadu has the potential molecules; hence, it can be incorporated in the diet to boost the immune system as a preventive measure against the virus.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , COVID-19/immunology , Phytotherapy , Plant Preparations/therapeutic use , SARS-CoV-2 , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , COVID-19/virology , Computer Simulation , Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/chemistry , Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/drug effects , Dietary Supplements , Ginger/chemistry , Humans , Immune System/drug effects , India , Ligands , Medicine, Traditional , Molecular Docking Simulation , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Phytochemicals/therapeutic use , Piper/chemistry , Piper nigrum/chemistry , Plant Preparations/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , SARS-CoV-2/chemistry , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/drug effectsABSTRACT
The pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread globally, infecting millions and killing hundreds of thousands of people. Herein, to identify potential antiviral agents, 97 natural amide-like compounds known as alkamides and piperamides were tested against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The docking results showed that alkamides and dimeric piperamides from Piper species have a high binding affinity and potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile and Lipinski's rule of five showed that dimeric piperamides have druglikeness potential. The molecular dynamics results showed that pipercyclobutanamide B forms a complex with Mpro at a similar level of stability than N3-I. Our overall results indicate that alkamides and piperamides, and specifically pipercyclobutanamide B, should be further studied as compounds with SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties.